(1) Non-Protein Nitrogen Non-Protein Nitrogen Nitrogen Substances include protein degradation intermediates—nitrogen, amide, amino acids, as well as urea, biuret, and some ammonium salts. The most common of these is urea. These non-proteinaceous nitrogenous materials can provide rumen microorganisms with a nitrogen source for the synthesis of proteins, since such additives have high nitrogen content, such as pure urea containing 47% of nitrogen, if fully utilized by rumen microorganisms, 1 kg of urea is equivalent to 2.8 kg of crude protein. The nutritional value, or the nutritional value of 7 kg of bean cake protein, equals the nitrogen content of 26 kg of grass seed. Therefore, it can replace some of the feed protein, which can not only promote the growth and development of sheep, but also reduce feed costs. The urea feeding method is described below. Urea can neither be fed alone, nor can it be fed dry. Usually, the urea is completely dissolved in water, sprayed on the concentrate, and mixed and fed. The amount of urea should be strictly controlled, and urea should not be used to replace all the protein in the diet. Generally it does not exceed 1/3 of the dietary crude protein, or it does not exceed 1% of the dietary dry matter, or it is calculated according to the sheep's body weight. Is equivalent to 0.02-0.03 body weight, that is, every 10 kilograms of body weight, daily feed 2-3 grams of urea. Feeding urea should be increased from small to large, gradually increasing, so that the rumen microorganisms have a process of adaptation, and it is best to feed continuously, and generally short-term feeding is not effective. Sheep feed urea to prevent poisoning, urea in the rumen by the role of urease, decomposed into ammonia, microbes can use. When ruminal microorganisms use urea at a rate lower than the urea decomposition rate, part of the ammonia enters the blood circulation, and ammonia poisoning occurs due to an increase in blood concentration. To prevent ammonia poisoning, we must first try to slow the rate of decomposition of urea in the rumen, so that the rumen microorganisms can make full use of ammonia. Some "safe non-protein nitrogen" products have been developed in China, such as isobutyl diurea, urea phosphate, biuret and so on. These products can make the decomposition rate of urea in the rumen slow down, which is conducive to the full use of ammonia by microorganisms. Feed urea, should be fed several times a day, usually 2 or 3 times a day, do not drink water immediately after feeding, prevent urea straight into the stomach, can not feed fasting, to avoid excessive urea concentration in the rumen. Feeding should also provide enough nutrients for the rumen microorganisms, such as corn, sorghum, and syrups containing more starch, in order to increase the ability of microorganisms to accelerate the use of ammonia. In addition, the addition of bone meal, potassium sulfate (sodium) to the diet to increase the level of sulfur and phosphorus can also increase the utilization of urea. Feeding urea is fed only when the dietary protein is insufficient. When the dietary protein is sufficient, the microorganisms use organic nitrogen, and feeding urea causes waste. Feeding urea can not be fed at the same time as raw bean cakes and raw beans. Because this kind of material contains urease, decomposition of urea is fast and prone to poisoning. If the urea is poisoned, the sheep will show systemic tension, uneasy, excessive secretion of saliva, muscle tremor, dyskinesia, swelling, struggling, howling, and even lying in the ground, suffocating and dying. The critical method can be intravenously injected with 10%-25% glucose, 100-200 ml each time. Or irrigate vinegar to neutralize ammonia. Or irrigation of cold water, cold water can reduce the temperature of the rumen gastric juice, thereby reducing the decomposition of urea, cold water can also dilute the concentration of ammonia, reduce the rate of absorption of ammonia in the rumen. Cold water and vinegar have better results with the same amount of gavage. (2) Minerals and trace elements Mineral trace elements are indispensable nutrients for fattening sheep. It can regulate the body's energy, protein and fat metabolism, increase sheep's feed intake, promote the digestion and utilization of nutrients, stimulate growth, regulate body acid-base balance and so on. Lack of certain mineral elements in the sheep body will lead to metabolic disease, anemia, gastrointestinal diseases, etc., resulting in decreased productivity. The amount of trace minerals in minerals should be added according to the nutritional needs of the fattening sheep. Trace elements can be used as premixes. The formula is 803.1 kg of calcium carbonate per ton, 50 kg of ferrous sulfate, 6 kg of copper sulfate, and 80 kg of zinc sulfate. Manganese sulfate (60 kg), cobalt chloride (0.8 kg), and sodium selenite (0.1 kg) were added at a rate of 10-153 g per day and uniformly mixed in the concentrate. Or the mineral trace elements into salt bricks, so that the sheep free to feed, generally add trace elements than to increase weight gain 10% 20%. (3) Vitamin Additives Due to the ruminal microorganisms of the sheep, it is possible to synthesize b vitamins, vitamin k, and vitamin c, and it is not necessary to add them separately. The diet should provide enough vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E to meet the needs of fattening sheep. Vitamin supplementation is based on the nutritional needs of the sheep. In the case of insufficient vitamins in the feed, appropriate amounts are added. Excessive addition will not only cause waste but also cause poisoning. Excessive amounts of vitamins may show loss of appetite, itchy skin, joint swelling, bone hyperplasia, and weight loss. Excessive vitamin d can cause increased blood calcium, bone loss of calcium salts, osteoporosis. Generally 20-30 kilograms of lamb fat each daily needs vitamins. A200-210 international units, vitamin D57-61 international units, 30-40 kilograms of lamb fattening vitamins. A210-230 international units, vitamin international units. When adding vitamins, D57-61 should also pay attention to the interactions with trace elements. Most vitamins and mineral elements can interact and fail. It is best not to put them together into a premix. (4) Rare-earth rare earth is a general name for 17 elements of lanthanum, cerium, and all lanthanides in the periodic table. It can be used as a feed additive for livestock and poultry, and has good feeding effect and high economic efficiency. Zhang Yingjie of Hebei Provincial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine conducted a rare earth additive feeding experiment on Small Tail Han sheep in 1993. Under the conditions of grazing and supplementation, each test group added 0.5 grams of rare earth nitrate per day for a test period of 60 days. The results showed that the average weight of rare earths added was 11.2% higher than that of non-added rare earths and the economic benefits were significant. Zhang Qiru reported that fine-wool sheep were fed with rare-earth additives at an added amount of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight. During the feeding period of 3 months, the weight of the rare earth-fed sheep was 2.07 kg, an increase of 55.49% over the rare earth-rare group, and the average hair length was increased. Increase 0.3 cm, increase 12.5%. Adding 0.2% rare earth to the diet of the sheep after weaning, during the 60-day test period, the daily weight gains 17.1%, 0.47 kg of feed per kg of weight gain, and 14.29% of the feed conversion rate is increased. There are rare earth nitrates, rare earth chloride salts, vitamin C rare earths and carbonate rare earths. (5) Bentonite is a montmorillonite, which is a kind of clay with montmorillonite as the main component. The main components are calcium 10%, potassium 6%, aluminum 8%, magnesium 4%, iron 4%, sodium 0.01%, zinc 2.5%, manganese 0.3%, silicon 30%, cobalt 0.004%, copper 0.008%, chlorine 0.3% , there are molybdenum, titanium and so on. Bentonite has mineral elements that are beneficial to livestock and poultry organisms. It can make enzymes or hormones active or immune reactions conducive to the changes of livestock and poultry. It has an adsorption effect on harmful toxicants in the body and pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, which is beneficial to the health of the organism. Improve the production performance of livestock and poultry. Zhang Shizhen reports that 2-3 years old Inner Mongolia fine-wool sheep flea grazing during the grass-grazing period of 100 days, each daily with 30 grams of bentonite plus 100 grams of water fed, bentonite sheep fed the group compared to the control group wool length increased 0.48 centimeters An increase of 0.0398 grams per square centimeter of the sheared amount. (6) Ruminin, also known as monensin, is an antibiotic produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamomea. Its function is to improve the rate of weight gain and feed conversion by reducing methane gas energy loss and feed protein degradation, deamination losses, and controlling and improving ruminal fermentation efficiency. Experimental studies have shown that when feeding rumen fed sheep, the daily weight gain is about 35% higher than that of the control sheep, and the feed conversion rate is increased by 27%. For growing goats fed rumen, daily gains increased by 16% to 30% compared to the control, and feed conversion rates increased by 13% to 19%. The amount of rumen added is generally 25-30 mg per kilogram of dietary dry matter. To be evenly mixed in the feed, the initial feed amount can be lower, and gradually increase later. (7) Buffer The purpose of adding buffer is to improve the rumen environment, which is conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. When sheep fattened, the amount of concentrate increased, roughage decreased, excess acidic substances were formed in the rumen, affected the appetite of the sheep, and inhibited the ruminal microflora and weakened the digestion of the feed. Adding buffer can increase the accumulation of alkaline in the rumen, neutralize acidic substances, promote appetite, increase the digestibility of feed and increase the weight of sheep. The commonly used buffers for sheep fattening include sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide. The amount of sodium bicarbonate added accounts for 0.7%-1% of dry matter in the diet. The amount of magnesium oxide added is 0.03-0.5% of the dry matter of the diet. There should be fewer to more when adding the buffer, so that the sheep has an adaptation process. In addition, simultaneous addition of sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide is better. (8) Dihydropyridines contain antioxidants, vitamins, trace elements, etc. The effect is to inhibit the peroxidation of lipid compounds, form a protective layer of the liver, inhibit the oxidation of biofilms in livestock, and increase the glucose in the biofilm. The activity of the enzyme, stabilizing the cell structure in the body, and having certain functions of the natural antioxidant vitamin a, can also increase the absorption and utilization of carotene and vitamin 1 in livestock. In 1998, Zhou Kai et al. conducted a pilot study on the effect of dihydropyridine feeding growth sheep on weight gain. The experimental sheep were mainly grazing, supplemented with 200 mg/kg dihydropyridine, and their feed intake increased by 5.1%. The increase in weight gain was 18.25%, and the weight of the year-old sheep fed with dihydropyridine was increased by 8.54 kg. The economic benefit was significant. The use of dioxopyridine should be protected from light and heat and avoid mixing with metallic copper ions, as copper is a particularly strong co-oxidant. If used in combination with certain acidic substances (such as citric acid, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, etc.), the effect can be enhanced. (9) Enzymes Enzymes are proteins produced by living cells and have special catalytic capabilities. They are biological catalysts and play an important role in the digestion of feed nutrients. It can promote the hydrolysis of protein, fat, starch and cellulose, improve feed utilization, and promote animal growth. For example, the addition of fibrin-enzymes to feed can increase the cellulose's ability to decompose and make it fully utilized for cellulose. Li Jingyun et al. (1993) reported that 25 g of cellulase was added to the breeding ewes and fattening lambs each day. After a 45-day test period, the ewes were increased by 29.55 g per day compared to the control group. The fattening lambs were exposed for 32 days. During the test period, the daily gain increased by 34.06 grams compared with the control group. The slaughter rate of fattened lambs increased by 2.83%, and the net meat weight increased by 1.80 kg. In addition to cellulase, enzyme preparations include proteases, lipases, pectinases, amylases, phytases, urea decomposition block enzymes, and the like. (10) Chinese herbal medicine additives are natural Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal medicine extracts or other processed and used residues added to the feed to prevent diseases, improve the body's physiological condition, and promote growth. Hebei Provincial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Zhang Yingjie et al. (1993) conducted trials of Chinese herbal medicine supplements on fattening lambs of small-tail sheep, and selected Chinese herbal medicines (jaundice, malt, dogwood, dried tangerine peel, betel nut, etc. After mixing, each sheep added 15 grams daily. After two months of feeding period, the average weight of the experimental group increased by 2.69 kg compared with the control group, and the incidence was significantly reduced. (11) Implantation Weighting agent Implantation weighting agent refers to some hormone or non-hormonal chemicals such as estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone that are implanted under the skin of the dorsal root of the sheep's ear with a special implanted gun. , corn erythritol and so on. Estrogen mainly increases the secretion of growth hormone through the hypothalamus or pituitary and increases sheep's weight gain and feed conversion rate; Androgen acts directly on specific receptors of muscle cells, increasing protein synthesis, androgen can also control plasma Thyroxine level indirectly works; corn erythritol is a microbial metabolite, chemical structure is a hydroxy benzolactone, non-hormones, can promote sheep body protein synthesis, increase sheep's digestion and utilization of feed The mode of action and the way of action are direct or indirect effects on the pituitary gland and pancreas, increasing the level of growth hormone and insulin in the body, and thus producing a growth-promoting effect. At present, commonly used implant weighting agents include meat growth hormone, animal strength, and cattle and sheep meat enhancement agents. The meat is produced in the U.S. and contains 12 mg of the active ingredient corn erythritol. The animal is produced by the Beijing Institute of Nutrition Research. It contains 12 mg of corn erythritol per active ingredient; The University New Technology Development Corporation develops and produces the same amount of corn erythritol per pill as the animal. The Xinjiang fine-wool sheep was implanted with two weighting agents. The trials were divided into three groups. One group of lambs was implanted with one meat granule; the other group was intensively planted with one granule; Group 3 was a control group; the trial period was 72. Day 1.2.3 group daily gains were 127.4118.3104.3 grams. In 1992, Duan Jingzhi et al. performed a beef and sheep meat weight gain test on 8 goats of the Baishan Mountains in southern Shaanxi in 1992. The test group and the control group each had sheep, and the experimental group applied “cattle and sheep meat enhancer†after each ear of sheep. 12 mg (1 capsule) was implanted subcutaneously. The control group was not implanted. The test period was 50 days. The test results showed that the total weight gain of the test group and control group was 30 kg. The implanted weighting agent is implanted subcutaneously on the ear and should be on the cartilage. The angle of the needle is 30 degrees. It should be far away from the dense blood vessel area. After inserting the needle, it should withdraw about 1 cm. Then the pellets should be injected into the skin and the implantation time should be generally Not less than 50 days. When implanting weighting agents, the protein and energy levels in the diet are correspondingly increased, and the implanting effect is better. China Agricultural Network Editor
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