Release date: 2015-04-27
Cancer is terrible, but at least not contagious. This is our previous understanding, but the latest research by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Columbia University confirms that cancer can also be transmitted. The results of the study were published in the internationally renowned journal Cell, published on April 9.
On the east coast of North America, soft clams die from a form of leukemia, just like a plague. Scientists have long suspected that a virus has caused leukemia in a healthy soft shell. Never thought that leukemia may be contagious, and the team of Columbia University professor Michael Metzger confirmed the soft crust. The leukemia is contagious. If the blood cells of the soft crustacean with this leukemia are injected into a healthy soft crust, some of them will unfortunately suffer from leukemia.
This leukemia is associated with a self-replicating DNA sequence "Steamer", which has only 2 to 10 copies of Steamer in the normal soft-shelled genome, and 150 to 300 copies of the soft-shelled genome with leukemia. Such abnormal replication can easily destroy the vital genes of the body and even cause leukemia.
Soft clams are not the first animals to suffer from infectious cancer. Previous studies have found that two types of cancer can be transmitted between animals, and both pouches and dogs are recruited.
Bags live in Tasmania, Australia. Ferocious and delicate bags are often afflicted with facial tumor disease (DFTD), and even more terrifying is that the cancer can be transmitted.
In 2006, Australian scientists discovered that there are 14 chromosomes in normal pouches, and there are only 13 riddled chromosomes in pouches with DFTD. This chromosomal abnormality is the same in all diseased pouches, thus confirming that the facial tumor disease DFTD is contagious.
When the bag is biting each other for food or mating rights, the cancer cells will take the opportunity to enter the wound on the face of the bag and spread at an alarming rate, causing the face of the bag to fester, the airway is blocked, and it is difficult to eat. Die in hunger. Since the discovery of the first DFTD in 1996, the number of pouches has dropped by 60%, so it was officially listed as an endangered animal in 2008.
The dog is relatively lucky compared to the poor bag. Although as early as 1871, the "canine infectious sexually transmitted disease tumor" (CTVT) was confirmed to be contagious, it is mild, can be effectively treated with drugs, and can even heal itself.
In 2014, a Cambridge study yielded striking conclusions that all CTVTs were derived from a single dog. CTVT may have appeared as early as 11,000 years ago, when the Ice Age was just over.
Victims in animals may continue to increase. However, as of now, no cancer has been found to be transmitted between humans.
For the human body, the main ways of transferring cancer cells are blood, lymph and implantative metastasis.
The leukemia of the soft clam is likely to belong to a kind of implantative metastasis. The cancer cells are transmitted in the seawater and float to other soft crusts, causing them to become sick.
Dr. Li Wenbin, director of the Department of Oncology at Capital Medical University and director of the China Anti-Cancer Association, told Caijing: "
The so-called 'tumor infection' that is now discovered is almost all about the transmission of the virus, not the spread of the tumor cells themselves. For example, patients with liver cancer pass the hepatitis B virus to others, others may develop liver cancer slowly, or get cervical cancer after being infected with HPV virus. These are viral infections.
Cancer cells are hardly transmitted directly between humans, but there are some extreme cases. For example, an expert study by the American Cancer Institute confirmed that a 28-year-old mother in Japan transmitted leukemia to an unborn daughter.
Professor Mel Greaves, who conducted the study, believes that pregnant women are “extremely scarce†in infecting cancer, and so far only 30 suspected cases have been found worldwide.
"In theory, human skin cancer and DFTD of bag lice are somewhat similar. In the case of poor human immunity, small wounds on the surface of the skin are likely to become a hidden danger of skin cancer. Therefore, for the prevention of cancer, Enhancing immunity is the most important. An important direction in the treatment of cancer is immunotherapy, which is also the world's recognized research direction." Li Wenbin stressed.
If the Creator has a "Schindler's List", then human beings are undoubtedly listed in the top position, protected by a strong immune system, and for a long time, humans do not have to fear the threat of infectious cancer. But soft clams and pouches, two animals that face extinction because of infectious cancer, still remind us that cancer is constantly evolving, and humans need to be vigilant on the evolution of the Long March.
Source: Caijing Magazine
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