First, the physiological stage of pigs
The physiological stages of pigs are divided into different opinions. Generally, from the birth to the slaughter, pigs have to undergo several growth stages, ie, piglets, weaned piglets (15-30 kg body weight), pre-fattening (30-60 kg), and late fattening (60 kg-feeding).
Second, the growth and fattening of pigs
1, the overall growth
(1) Absolute growth
Daily weight gain, depending on age and initial body weight, is an absolute growth curve of body weight as a function of age. The general pattern is slow-fast-slow.
(2) Relative growth
The relative growth rate—a multiple of growth relative to body weight, percentage, or growth index—declines with weight or age.
2, local growth
(1) From the embryonic stage, the earliest development and the earliest completion are the nervous system, followed by the skeletal system, muscle tissue, and finally adipose tissue.
Third, the significance of studying the law of growth and fattening
Study various animal growth and development laws and their influencing factors, regulate the level of nutrition, and purposefully control growth, including speed, production performance (efficiency), and achieve high-quality, high-efficiency, low-consumption livestock production.
IV. Nutrition and Feeding Management of Piglets
Piglet cultivation is the basis for a good pig production. This phase is the most rapid growth and development of pigs throughout the life, the most vigorous metabolism of substances, the most sensitive phase of nutritional insufficiency. The quality of piglets is directly related to the weaning rate and the size of weaning weight, which affects the annual productivity of the sow and the slaughter time of the pigs.
The goal is to minimize the mortality rate during breastfeeding and weaning, increase the rate of rearing and weaning weight, and balance the piglet during the weaning phase.
Pig feed
Feeding and Feeding
(1) The peak of lactation of sows is 20-30 days after childbirth. After 30 days, the amount of lactation is significantly reduced, but the growth rate of suckling pigs is getting faster and faster. To ensure that the piglets can feed a large amount of feed after 3 weeks of age, The nutrients needed for rapid growth must be fed as early as possible to the suckling pigs. 6-7-day-old suckling pigs develop cavities and their teeth become itchy. They often leave the sow to act alone. They particularly like biting grass, wood chips, and other hard objects. They also have characteristics that mimic the behavior of sows. Feeding is started at this time. best effect.
(2) Feeding method is to set the feedline for suckling pigs in the sow delivery room, leaving a hole. The suckling pigs can freely feed into the feed at any time. Sows on large-scale pig farms are divided into high-income tillers, and the mother and child are separated. It has been proved that the weight of weaning is much lower when the mother and the child eat together than when the mother and the child eat separately.
(3) The feed for suckling pigs should use high-quality whole piglet pellets that can be easily digested and absorbed. A pig needs only a dozen or more kilograms of pig feed for only one-twentieth of the total feed, so it should not be considered too much. The cost of sucker feed uses low-quality, low-quality feed.
Pig feed should be added with whey powder
Due to the poor development of the digestive system of the newborn pigs, the lack of various digestive enzymes in the body, such as amylase, protease, etc., can not digest and absorb the starch in the feed to provide the energy needed for metabolism. The lactose contained in the whey powder can be directly absorbed by suckling pigs and converted into energy for the growth and development of suckling pigs. At the same time, the lactic acid produced by the lactose in the whey powder during the decomposition process can increase the acidity of the suckling pig's gastric juice, and at the same time improve the digestion ability of the suckling pig. Therefore, 5-10% of the whey powder should be added to the suckling pig feed. The smaller the age of the suckling pig, the more the amount required to be added.
The number of feeds should be 4-6 times per day, and sufficient water should be provided. Three days after the suckling pig starts drinking, if the water supply is insufficient, the suckling pig will drink dirty water. At the beginning, a pad should be added to the drinking fountain so that the water will often drip out to induce the suckling pig to drink water.
It should be noted that supplementation of trace element iron and selenium in suckling pigs should be mostly added to the feed.
Cause of death of suckling piglets
The most dangerous period for the birth of a piglet is the first three days after birth. About 60-80% of the suckling piglets die in this crucial three days. If proper care is given within a few hours of birth, we will be able to save many piglets that may later die.
Newborn suckling pigs have poor ability to regulate body temperature and adapt to changes in ambient temperature. Insulation is the key to improving the survival rate of piglets in the cold season.
Main measures to increase the growth rate of piglets
1. Strengthen the feeding and management of sows, increase the birth weight and milk yield, and ensure the nutrition of newborn piglets.
2, strengthen childbirth care, reduce childbirth death
3, as soon as possible to eat colostrum, enhance immunity, and help the piglets to fix the teat.
4, strengthen the insulation, antifreeze, anti-pressure.
Measures to increase the weaning weight of piglets
One or two newborns, weaning weight pound, that is, to increase the weaning weight of piglets, we must grasp the piglets birth weight and feeding management at the initial stage, at the same time, mainly to grasp the feed, so that piglets eat as soon as possible, as soon as possible into the Wangshi period.
1, iron supplements. Normal iron content is 50 milligrams at birth, 7 milligrams of iron per day, and only 1 milligram per day from breast milk. By 3 weeks, iron deficiency in piglets is at least 100 milligrams, so piglets must be iron supplemented after birth. The most commonly used is intramuscular injection. If there is still anemia within 2 weeks after iron supplementation, it should be refilled once more.
2, water supplements. Piglets can start drinking 3-4 days, and must provide sufficient drinking water to prevent piglets from drinking unclean water and cause unhealthy conditions.
3, feed. We must feed the piglets as soon as possible and gradually increase the feed intake to meet the needs of the piglets' rapid growth and development, and to prevent excessive consumption of nutrients and physical strength of the sows. At the same time, piglet feeding can stimulate the development of the gastrointestinal tract, promote its adaptation to plant feed and increase the activity of digestive enzymes, which is conducive to improving the feed conversion rate.
The activity of piglets is significantly increased from 5 to 7 days of age. The love bites to explore, 7-10 days old teeth, itching gums, so 5-7 days of age began to attract food, feeding should be added less, from less to many. At present, many production practices are used when breast-feeding pigs into paste on the teat to allow the piglets to eat earlier, and some piglets are stuffed with a few pellets at the time of suckling.
V. Nutrition and Feeding Management of Weaned Piglets
Weaning is the second most severe stress a piglet suffers after birth. The nutrient source is changed from full or partial dependence on liquid breast milk to all solid-state feeds. The digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract are enzymes that decompose milk proteins, lactose and milk fat into enzymes that will decompose common raw materials such as corn, soybean meal and fish meal. , resulting in nutrient absorption indigestion, coupled with changes in the environment, temperature, density, etc., can easily cause piglets diarrhea or growth stagnation.
Feeding characteristics of weaned piglets
A certain high dose of copper has a growth-promoting value. Addition of copper to the piglet diet can regulate the gastrointestinal activity of the piglet. Appropriate copper ion concentration activates pepsin and enhances pepsin's digestive function and protein digestion. Play a role in promoting growth and development of piglets. As a growth promoter for pigs, the use of copper sulfate has become more common. Studies have shown that adding 125-250 ppm copper (0.454-0.908 kg copper sulfate per ton of feed) into piglet diets improves growth and feed efficiency, reduces mortality, increases pigs’ daily gain by 8%, and improves feed efficiency. Can increase 5.5%. The addition of copper and antibiotics to piglet diets at the same time has a better effect of promoting growth than adding antibiotics alone. However, it must be emphasized that: 250ppm is the limiting value of the amount of copper added to the piglet material. Exceeding this limit will lead to copper poisoning in the piglet, causing liver copper accumulation, metabolic disorders, rapid growth rate and even increased mortality. Especially in the case of low zinc and iron content in the diet, it is more likely to be poisoned. Therefore, copper cannot be over-absorbed in piglets, but most feed mills will consider these issues when using premixes, concentrates, and full-price feeds.
Feeding management of weaned piglets (15-30kg)
Whether it is self-cultivation or self-cultivation, or purchasing piglets from the market, one-week-old pigs must be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected, and provided with the appropriate feed.
Rearing
1. Reasonable grouping. Weighing the strength of the fence, each piglet weight close. If it is not a factory-feeding method, it is kept until the slaughter is still in the original column, and the number of heads per pen is calculated based on the area of ​​0.9 square meter per pig. A maximum of 15 heads per column is too crowded and prone to tail biting and biting, which is not conducive to the growth of pigs.
2, feeding. Feeds for weaned piglets from self-breeding and self-supporting transfer groups should be gradually replaced, and pig feed should still be used within half a month of the pen. One week later, pig feed should be gradually transferred at a rate of 1/3, 1/2, and 3/1. The number of feedings was changed from the original five times a day to three times a day. Daily consumption is calculated as 5% of body weight. Feed each day by the same amount and feed each time. If you cannot finish eating within one hour, you should clean it up. The next time you can reduce it.
For piglets purchased from the market or other farms, piglets (granules or self-ingredients) containing 18% crude protein and 3,200 kcal can be fed. Since the powder with the need to mix wet feed. If there is no automatic drinker, put the clean water in the feeding tank, and the newly entered pig can add multidimensional in drinking water.
management
1. Daily, early, mid-night and evening observations of piglets’ mental status, breathing, eating, and excrement, etc., report the condition to the veterinarian immediately, treat as soon as possible, and strengthen the feeding and management as required by the veterinarian, and if necessary, isolate the treatment.
2, tuning. Let the piglet do three things: eat, sleep, and defecate. In order to make the defecation urine the site, put the piglet feces in the designated position in each column. Through 3-5 days of training, basic fixed excretion and urine can be done. It is not only easy to clean the manure but also keep the pig house clean.
3. Every day, the sheds must be cleaned 3-4 times to keep the bar clean and sanitary. In the summer, the pig house should be flushed around 9am and disinfected once a week.
4, pay attention to insulation. The suitable temperature for weaning piglets is 25-26 degrees Celsius. Duplex pig houses are relatively easy to reach this temperature, and single-row pig houses should take appropriate measures to keep warm. Duplex pigs should pay attention to ventilation.
5. Piglets purchased from the market were injected with sodium selenite VE needles on the tenth day: 1 ml/head.
6. Castrate the barren boar.
Epidemic prevention, deworming
At the weaning rearing stage, immunization against various infectious diseases must be completed. To make pigs immune to various infectious diseases, the piglet grows smoothly and has a healthy constitution. It also lays a solid foundation for future management.
1. There are prescribed immunization procedures for self-cultivation (or standardized farms), and the immunizations that have not been completed will continue on the prescribed date.
2. Piglets purchased from the market should be immediately swine vaccination epidemic prevention within the first week of feeding, with 4 heads/head. One week later, pig erysipelas, swine plague, and piglet paratyphoid vaccines were used for epidemic prevention. According to the vaccine instructions dose injection (oral). In order to improve immunity, piglets purchased from other pig farms may be given another epidemic prevention. 70 days of age for streptococcal vaccine vaccination once. At the age of 80 days (April and September each year), a foot-and-mouth vaccine epidemic is performed once.
3. Regular inspections found that the sick pigs were treated in isolation. Dead pigs were dissected and buried deep.
4. After the immunization of all vaccines is over, all the pigs are normal. The pigs are dewormed and the parasites are repelled. Can choose to use insect bustard, avermectin, ivermectin, levamisole, trichlorfon, fat pig scattered, six in one (including Chinese medicine meds, Guanzhong, betel nut and other ingredients). Insect repelling is repeated after about one week after deworming, and different insect repellent drugs can also be replaced. Deworming must be timely removal of feces (or wash the bar) to prevent excretion of nematodes and eggs were swallowed by the pig, affecting the effect of insecticide. After deworming and then disinfected once, the effect is better.
VI. Nutrition and Feeding Management of Growing Finishing Pigs
Finishing pigs are the last link in the production of pigs for a breeding farm and are the best management stage. They are the stage where the pigs require the lowest environmental conditions, and they are also the last sprint stage of the farms to make money. The performance of the finishing pigs The play determines the profitability of a farm. Therefore, the entire pig production has a significant relationship with economic benefits.
The purpose of hog raising is to minimize the amount of feed and labor. In the shortest possible time, the pork with the lowest cost, the largest quantity, and the best quality pork will be obtained, and the best economic benefits will be obtained to meet people's hog and foreign trade needs. There are many factors affecting the growth and development of pigs. It is difficult to achieve the following goals by using only one technology. Only by adopting comprehensive technical measures can the pork with the lowest cost, the largest quantity, and the best quality can be obtained in a short period of time. Improve the slaughter of pigs. However, under normal circumstances, pig farms often focus on the management of sows, breeders or suckling pigs, rather than the management of finishing pigs.
Nutritional needs for growing pigs
Feed Requirements for Growing Finishing Pigs
The cost of feed for growing pigs accounts for nearly 70% of the total feed cost of the pig farm. Therefore, it is most practical to save feed during the fattening phase. However, pigs in the finishing phase have a fast growth rate and the development of the body and internal organs is not coordinated. Its nutritional needs are high. If nutrition is not sufficient at this time, problems such as low immunity are likely to occur. In particular, breeding pigs can reduce the feed intake of pigs during transit or long-distance transportation. At this time, the pigs have higher demand for nutrients, especially vitamins. For example, no increase in nutrition of finishing pigs will result in relative nutrition. lack of. The feed intake during the fattening stage is the largest, and the feed conversion rate will directly affect the feed consumption and economic benefits of the entire farm. It is not the cheaper the feed is, the more money it saves. The key is to ensure the quality of the feed, paying particular attention to mycotoxin contamination. If pigs are affected by feed or their growth is hindered, which will affect the economics of the breeding farms, it will not be worth the loss.
Pre-fattening feeding management (30-60kg)
Due to a lot of meticulous work in the early stages, the piglets were basically all shelf pigs with good health and good health, but the feeding and management could not relax.
Under the premise of meeting the growing needs of pigs and lowering the cost of feeding, the transition from piglet material to medium pig material (containing about 16% crude protein and digesting energy of about 3000 kcal) was completed within one week and the body weight was 4.5%. The standard calculation diet. That is, 1.35-2.7kg per head per day, the number of daily feedings can be changed from three feedings per day to two feedings per day.
In addition to the daily cleaning of internal and external environmental sanitation and disinfection once a week, it is still necessary to carefully observe the pig's mental status, breathing, eating, excrement and other conditions every morning, evening and night. treatment.
From the current situation of some pig farms, during the period of May to May, piglets in this growth stage are prone to diseases that are sporadic, acute, and have a rapid death, and are mainly lung diseases. Death can be controlled by continuous administration of penicillin, kanamycin, sulfa-5-methoxy, and the like for three days. Through daily observations, once the increase in respiration is detected, body temperature should be about 40-42 degrees Celsius and these drugs should be used immediately. For the dead pigs, they were sampled and sent to the relevant departments for drug sensitivity test. According to the test results, the drugs should be replaced in time.
Late fattening management (60-90kg)
Pigs grow fast at this stage. For example, a three-way crossbreed (Duchangda) has a daily weight gain of about 1 kg. Within one week from the pig material for the big pig material. Crude protein is about 15% and digestive energy is 2900 kcal. According to the weight of 4-4.5% of the proportion of each head diet, that is 2.7-3.6kg / head, fed twice a day.
If it is a double-style pig house, it is not only necessary to do a good job of ventilation during the summer, but it is also necessary to pay attention to the cooling of the house during the summer. It is best to install a shower device and spray the pig regularly. Especially in the 75-90kg body weight should be more intense cooling. If there is no such device, pigs may be sprayed when the fence is washed around 9am. However, water pressure should not be too great.
Single-row pig houses should pay more attention to sun protection in summer. It is not possible to flush the pig house in the afternoon, especially when the sunlight is strong, which can easily cause a high temperature and high humidity environment, resulting in the pigs suffering from heat stroke. In the event of heat stroke, the pig should be immediately moved to a cool, ventilated place. Forehead pouring cold water, ear tip, tail tips blood, and according to the development of the disease, rehydration and other drug treatment. To speed up the growth rate, the pigs are once again dewormed at a weight of 60-70 kg.
To ensure that pork meets the safe pork standard, feeds containing no drug residues are replaced at 75 kg.
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