A groundbreaking study of materials from Northwestern University may help those who require stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, or any other condition requiring tissue regeneration.
Samuel I. Stupp, senior director of the Simons Simpson Querrey Institute of Bio-Nanotechnology, director of materials science and engineering, chemistry, medicine and biomedical engineering, said: In the context of cell therapy, it is important to cure these diseases or regenerate necrotic tissues."
The study was published in the journal Nature Communications on July 10th, local time.
The cells in our body constantly receive different instructions from proteins and other molecules in the surrounding matrix. For example, some substances can induce cells to express specific genes such that they can proliferate or differentiate into several cells that promote tissue growth or regeneration. What is special about this signaling mechanism is that it is a built-in capability in a living body that stops the signal and restarts as needed, or turns off a signal and activates a different signal to program a very complex process. At present, artificial materials that have the dynamic ability of such regenerative therapies are almost non-existent.
The development of a reversible synthetic material with the triggering of this dynamic signal process is reported in a new work published today. The platform will not only study more effective management of stem cell regenerative therapies, but will also allow scientists to explore and discover new ways to control cell evolution and function in the laboratory.
One of the findings of this study was the use of synthetic materials to induce the proliferation of neural stem cells, which were then triggered to differentiate into neurons at specific times selected by the operator, and then returned to the proliferative state as required.
This article also reports that spinal cord neural stem cells - originally classified as structures called "neural spheres" - can be signal driven to spread and differentiate. However, when this signal is turned off, the cells spontaneously reconstitute the colonies. This reveals a strong interaction between these cells and may be important for understanding development and regeneration processes.
The potential application of this new technology for manipulating cells may help to cure patients with Parkinson's disease. The patient's skin cells can be transformed into stem cells using existing techniques. This new technology can help to regenerate newly transformed stem cells in vitro -- in the laboratory -- and then differentiate them into dopamine-producing neurons before transplantation.
In this new technology, materials are chemically modified with different DNA strands, each designed to display different signals to cells. To activate the signal, a soluble molecule containing a complementary DNA strand coupled to the peptide is added to the material to produce a DNA duplex that displays the signal. More stem cells are produced by adding a few drops of DNA-peptide conjugate and giving green light. A method of providing dynamic intelligence to a material is to expose the surface to a soluble single-stranded DNA molecule that is designed to "grab" the signal-containing strand of the duplex and form a new DNA double helix. This new double strand is no longer attached to the surface of the material and is washed away to shut down the biosignal. To turn the signal back on, all that is needed is to introduce a new copy of the single-stranded DNA that will reconnect to the surface of the material.
Stupp said: "People want to use cell therapy that uses their body's stem cells to regenerate tissue. In principle, this is possible, but requires an effective procedure for spreading and dividing cells. Our technology does just that."
Although this process is currently only performed in vitro and then transplanted, Stupp said that this process may be performed in vivo in the future. Stem cells are implanted in the clinic, encapsulated in the materials described in this study, and then acted upon in a specific location by injection. Soluble molecules are then administered to the patient to manipulate the proliferation and differentiation of the transplanted cells.
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