In order to fight cancer, researchers are increasingly using vaccines to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells, but clinically it is not always possible to get the desired immune response, in order to enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine on the immune system - especially for Detection of the most important T lymphocytes in tumor cells - researchers from the University of Geneva, Freiburg University, the University of Munich and the University of Bayreuth, in collaboration with the German company AMSilk, have developed a vaccine that delivers vaccines directly to the core of immune cells. Spider silk microcapsules. This research finding can also be applied to preventive vaccines and is an important step towards the development of vaccines that are more targeted, more convenient to use, and more resistant to extreme storage conditions.
Our immune system is based primarily on two types of cells: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes that produce various antibodies required for infection. When there is cancer or some infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, the immune system needs to activate T lymphocytes, but its activation mechanism is more complicated than B lymphocytes: a peptide must be used in order to trigger the reaction, but if it is injected directly, then the target is reached. The peptide will be degraded by the body before.
"Developing effective anti-cancer immunotherapeutics must produce significant T-cell responses," said Carole Bourquin, an anti-tumor immunotherapist at the University of Geneva's Department of Medicine and Science, who is responsible for the work. "The current vaccine has limited T-cell effects. Therefore, it is important to develop a vaccination program that can overcome this problem."
Inoculate immune cells (green) of spider silk nanoparticles. The endosome, the portion of the cell from which the nanoparticle releases the vaccine, is blue. Credit:Laboratoire Bourquin - UNIGE
Almost indestructible capsule
Scientists have used synthetic spider silk biopolymers, a lightweight, biocompatible, non-toxic material that is highly resistant to light and heat degradation. “We recreated this special silk in the laboratory to insert a peptide with vaccine properties,†explains Thomas Scheibel, a specialist in spider silk at Bayreuth University. “The final protein chain is salted out and formed. Injectable particles."
The silk microparticles form a delivery capsule that prevents the vaccine peptide from being rapidly degraded and delivers it to the center of the lymph node cells, thereby significantly increasing the immune response of the T cells. Carole Bourquin said: "Our research demonstrates the effectiveness of this technology for the preparation of stable, simple, and customizable new vaccines."
Synthetic silk biopolymer particles have high heat resistance and can withstand temperatures in excess of 100 ° C for several hours without damage. In theory, this technology may be able to develop vaccines that do not require adjuvants and cold chains. This is an undeniable advantage, because in many places, especially in developing countries, the preservation of vaccines is a major problem. One of the limitations of this technique, however, is the size of the microparticles: although in theory the microparticles are suitable for any peptide that is sufficiently small to be incorporated into silk proteins, further research is needed to determine if it is also suitable for use in standard vaccines. Larger antigens used, especially when targeting viral diseases.
“More and more scientists are trying to imitate nature,†Scheibel added. “The properties of spider silk make it a particularly interesting product: high biocompatibility, solid, thin, biodegradable, extreme conditions. Even antibacterial, it is conceivable that its future applications are also extensive, such as wound dressings, sutures and so on.
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