Walnuts can also be called walnuts and walnuts. They are important economic forest trees for mountain farmers to increase their income. However, one of the walnut plantations, Tongbai County in the mountainous area of ​​southern Henan, is planted, planted, managed, etc. in the process of planting walnuts. As a result, the yield of walnut fruit is low, which seriously affects the enthusiasm of the growers. The transformation of walnut low-yield forest has become an urgent task for Tongbai County. Therefore, Xiaobian today will briefly talk about the reasons for the low yield of walnut and the transformation measures.
1 Reasons for the formation of low-yield gardens
1.1 Mixed varieties, good and bad
Some walnut growers purchase walnut seedlings in a messy way, grafted seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, and inferior seedlings are introduced into the walnut base, resulting in mixed varieties, growth after construction, results sooner or later, fruit yield, quality, etc. Different, it has caused a lot of economic losses to the cultivation of walnuts, and the enthusiasm of the farmers.
1.2 Walnut Garden ventilation and poor transmission
Planting too dense, control crown measures lead to poor ventilation and light transmission in the walnut garden, not only will lead to increased pests and diseases, but also reduce the yield of walnuts, so that the quality of walnuts deteriorates.
1.3 Site conditions are generally poor and the ability to resist natural disasters is not strong
Most of the walnut gardens are built on sloping fields. The water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is poor, and the irrigation conditions are not good. Once the flowering period and fruit expansion period encounter dry weather, the walnut production must be reduced.
1.4 extensive management, low technology
The built walnut plantation has a planting density of 4m×3m, part of which is 2m×3m, and planting 56~111 plants per mu (667 square meters/mu, the same below), but some growers have extensive tree species after the construction, and no plastic surgery is carried out. Trimming, so that most of the walnut gardens did not enter the fruiting period, there was a tree-shaped disorder, the canopy was closed, and so on, resulting in a serious decline in yield.
1.5 malnutrition, uneven fertilizer and water
The survey found that about two-thirds of the walnut growers do not apply organic fertilizer, one-third of the growers do not apply the organic fertilizer in time or the amount of fertilizer is insufficient, and 70% of the growers apply the carbon ammonia or compound fertilizer once a year. Conducive to the differentiation of walnut flower buds, which in turn affects the yield of the next year.
1.6 Root growth environment is poor
In particular, the hills and mountainous walnut gardens have not expanded the points along the original points, which not only hinders the growth of the roots of the walnuts, but also causes the growth of the tree to weaken, and also causes less flower bud differentiation and poor flowering results.
2 Specific technical measures for the transformation of low-yield gardens
2.1 Highlight the main varieties and reduce the number of varieties
2.1.1 Scientific planning layout
Each garden of the walnut garden can choose 2~3 main varieties; strengthen the promotion of improved varieties, establish and improve the technology promotion network at all levels, formulate various preferential policies, etc.; reform the management mechanism of the walnut garden, formulate preferential policies to encourage large-scale contractors to operate, and facilitate Intensive management.
2.1.2 Improve the quality of the improved varieties and expand the number of cultivated varieties
Eliminate low-yield and inferior varieties, change (select trees with strong tree growth) into 2~3 excellent varieties, need long-distance transportation, pay attention to keep the humidity of the scion during transportation, avoid high temperature, exposure, wind blowing, and prevent water loss from scion.
2.2 Adjust the density to make the whole garden ventilated and transparent
When adjusting the density, we must follow a standard: the plant spacing is not less than 4m, the row spacing is not less than 5m, the water and fertilizer is good, the plant of the late varieties and the row spacing are large, and the plant spacing and row spacing can be appropriately reduced.
2.3 Adjust the tree structure and properly trim
2.3.1 Determine the tree shape and select the backbone branch
The low-yield garden should be scientifically pruned every year. When pruning, we must first understand the three tree shapes of the walnut tree. The first type is the small crown evacuation layered shape, the tree is divided into two layers, the first layer has three main branches, the second layer has two main branches, and sometimes there is one main branch of the third layer; the second type is Spindle tree shape, with a main branch on the trunk 40~50cm, arranged in a spiral shape, leaving 4~5 main branches in total; the third type is a happy shape or a natural round head shape, without an upright center. The main branch is 3~5.
2.3.2 Tree shaping due to tree shaping
Flexibly grasp the appropriate tree shape, and the tree shape for which purpose is suitable for the tree shape transformation;
The basic principle: the whole tree is ventilated and light, the skeleton is clear, and the retracted control of the large branch has been handed over. For the super long and large side branches, it is continuously retracted year by year, effectively controlling the result part to move outward, completely solving the problem of insufficient light in the inner sac and promoting new branches. Germination, the formation of internal and external results, the state of stereoscopic results.
2.4 Strengthen the scientific management of soil, fertilizer and water to improve nut yield and quality
2.4.1 Improved soil
For low-yielding walnut gardens, the soil is severely squashed, and it should be shallowly ploughed 2~3 times a year. The conditional walnut garden is recommended to grow green manure; the annual deciduous dormancy period should be combined with the application of organic fertilizer for deep tumbling, and the walnuts will go to sleep after harvesting. Tree-by-tree aging points are used to carry out deep-expanding and expanding holes, filling straw, weeds, leaves and organic fertilizers to solve the problem of deep soil compaction.
2.4.2 Scientific fertilization
The types of organic fertilizers and organic fertilizers are mainly added each year, including compost, circle fertilizer, human waste, crop straw and litter. The application period is suitable for early application after fruit picking, and can also be applied before germination in early spring. The application rate can be determined according to the yield. Generally, it is controlled at 1:10, that is, 10kg of high-quality organic fertilizer is applied per 1kg of dried fruit, and the ditch is used. Both fertilized or radial fertilization. A top dressing is carried out before and after germination, mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, which can be mixed with NPK. The NPK compound fertilizer should be applied once again during the fruit expansion period, which is beneficial to fruit enlargement and increase the weight of the fruit.
2.4.3 Adopt water conservation measures
Pay attention to the soil and water conservation of the park and the construction of water conservancy facilities. The annual “three fertilizers†(autumn base fertilizer, budding fertilizer and expanded fruit fertilizer) and “three waters†(sealed water, sprouted water and expanded fruit water) of walnut trees will be used for the high yield of walnuts. With a decisive role, conditional parks can also implement energy-saving irrigation technology.
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