First, planting technology
The construction of tea gardens should pay attention to ecological balance, do not destroy natural resources, soil and water conservation, and proceed from the actual situation of local tea production, focus on building a good tea production base, make it suitable for centralized and contiguous, easy management, reduce costs and increase efficiency. It is more conducive to setting up factory processing and improving tea quality. The construction of tea should also adhere to high standards and high quality, and gradually realize the improvement of tea trees, gardening of tea areas, irrigation of tea gardens, and scientific cultivation.
1. The tea tree is improved: in combination with the local actual production of tea, ecological conditions, etc., pure and uncontaminated varieties are determined, and robust, high-yield, high-quality, pest-resistant bergamot tea seedlings are cultivated.
2. Gardening of tea areas: To adapt to local conditions and plan in an all-round way, the comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields and forest roads shall be implemented centered on the management of water and soil, and the realization of garden regionalization and specialization shall be realized.
3. Water conservancy of tea gardens: The establishment of gardens should not damage vegetation and help maintain soil and water. It is necessary to open up water sources and establish irrigation and drainage facilities for tea gardens. Water sources should meet the ministerial standards, be free from pollution, and be capable of irrigation in dry seasons. row.
4. Scientific and scientific cultivation: Requiring reasonable close planting, re-applying organic fertilizer (mainly farmyard manure), supplemented by chemical fertilizer (compound fertilizer, urea, etc.), using cutting and cutting techniques correctly, grasping the law of occurrence of diseases and pests, strengthening quarantine and forecasting, and adopting Plant protection policy "prevention-based, integrated prevention and control" measures.
(1)Climatic conditions: For bergamot tea tree, the requirements for climate conditions are: like warm and humid sections, the annual average temperature is above 13°C, and the regional atmospheric humidity with accumulated temperature above 3500°C is about 80%, and not less than 60%. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm.
(2) Soil conditions: The bergamot tea tree prefers acidic soils with a pH of 4.0 to 6.5. Yudou Town is a red soil slightly acidic soil that is very suitable for the cultivation of bergamot tea. However, when free calcium in the soil exceeds 1.5%, The growth of tea trees is unfavorable, and the effects on the bergamot tea tree should also be taken into account in ventilation, water storage, fertilizer conservation, and thermal insulation.
(3) Geographical conditions: Tea gardens should be selected between 450 and 750 m above sea level, slopes or hills below 25, with a 10 to 20 sloping area ideal, and the north-south direction of the slope selection is ideal, so that “a hilltop afforestation can be achieved. The development of mountainside tea and Yamashita's grain production.
(4) The construction of terraced tea gardens: Pay attention to the principle of building the contours of the slopes, balance the surface, prevent erosion of water and soil, generally follow the curve, try to get straight and easy to manage and lay a good foundation, should take the topsoil back to the ditch, heart and soil Build a bank, dig out the earth and build the bank along the shore. The height of the bank is about 20cm. The slope is slightly inclined to the inside for the purpose of water conservation, soil conservation and fertilizer conservation. The width of the surface depends on the slope, generally about 1.5 to 2.5 meters. Single or double colonization, 1.5m wide planting should be planted in a single row, 2m wide planting should be planted in double rows, to improve the early seal line, early production, spacing 0.30 to 0.35m single row spacing, double row 0.3 to 0.4m row spacing Appropriate (triangle arrangement staggered colonization).
(5) In the tea garden, the surface of the soil is to be reconstructed by the soil and the soil, and the groove width and groove depth should be suitable for the development of the root group of the tea tree. Yilagou is about 0.4m wide and about 0.5m deep, with the topsoil weeds returning to the ditch. Apply 40 to 40 tons of organic fertilizer (farmer's manure), 60 ton of lime powder, 100 kg of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and 100 kg of base fertilizer to be planted after planting the soil. Select planting in the beginning of spring and rain season. Choose the bergamot plant height of 15 to 20 cm. No pests and diseased seedlings were planted, and after the planting, rice straw was covered to improve the survival rate.
Second, management technology
1. The management of bergamot tea gardens is different from the plough management of young tea gardens that is different from the old tea gardens in many years. Attention should not be paid to ploughing too deep, and the number of cultivators must be relatively small. The depth of earthworms should be ploughed within 1-2 years, with a depth of 8 to 10 cm, and annual tillage 2 to 3 times. With the seedlings growing in the tea plantation, the depth of tillage is continuously ploughed to 15-20 cm, and 15 cm from the plants are planted at depth. Outside, and pay attention to less damage to the roots, at the same time pay attention to weather changes, long-term dry weather can not be cultivated, to prevent the distribution of water, promote grass cultivation, grass garden, increase humification of fertilizers, in order to facilitate the loose soil.
2, fertilizer and water management: the use of corrosive manure, compost, green manure, cake manure, etc., to promote the annual application of organic fertilizer, mainly farmyard man, in order to improve the growth of young tea, thereby enhancing the tea plant resistance to diseases and insect pests, enhance chlorophyll, leaves Hypertrophy, improve tea quality, application of organic fertilizer can not only provide a comprehensive nutrition for the tea tree, and a long period of fertilizer, can increase or update the soil to organic matter, promote microbial reproduction, improve the soil's chemical properties and biological activity, supplemented by chemical fertilizers Such as compound fertilizers, urea, etc., should adopt the principles of fertilization with thin manure, apply compound fertilizer and urea every 2 months (the ratio is 2:1), and according to the young tea tree, it needs more characteristics of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The ratio of three elements: 1 to 2 years old to 1:1:1, 3 to 4 years old to 2:1, 1 to 2 years of fertilization, 0.25 kg/acre of pure nitrogen, and 2 to 3 years old per mu. 5-7 kg of nitrogen and 710 kg of pure nitrogen for 3-4 years old will be applied. The amount of fertilizer should also be determined according to the number of acres, growth, soil and fertilizer conditions. With the growth of tea trees, the amount of fertilizer will increase year by year. General production of 100 kg dry tea, to add 9 grams of pure nitrogen It is 4 kg of phosphorus, 2.66 kg of potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is 3:2:1. In short, the principle of fertilization is: to achieve economical and rational use of fertilizer, give full play to the fertilizer effect, the general combination of open fertilization and application of salt, so that scientific fertilization, in order to maximize the effect of fertilizer.
3, stereotypes pruning: should adopt the principle of low pruning, dwarf the crown, expand the picking area, reduce the height properly, can reduce the level of branches, is conducive to the operation of tea tree water and nutrients, but also reduce the annual photosynthesis products of the tree The consumption, thereby increasing the economic coefficient of the tea tree, styling pruning of young trees, when the year is generally carried out in the winter September to October, flattened 30cm above the ground level, the second year in May after the spring shoot hardening after shaping the height of 40? 50cm In September and October, it was controlled within 60cm. Later, depending on the growth rate of the bergamot tea tree, the branches were trimmed to an 80cm inner canopy, and the height was generally not more than 1m.
4. The transformation of low-yielding tea gardens: For ageless tea trees, heavy picking, and light-managed tea gardens, the tree age should be 15 years or more. All technical measures such as deep pruning should be adopted till the time of planting, replanting (planting), and deep pruning. At 50-60cm, Taiwanese cymbals control at 20-25cm above the ground. Since the taiwans are shoots (new shoots) sprouting from the root and neck, they have a strong vitality and can form a neat crown and a robust tree vigor. Under the management of fertilizers and waters, the rapid growth of tea trees will have a far-reaching significance for the quality of the bergamot, improve the grades, create benefits, and prove that it is practical and feasible. For trees aged over ten years, it is advisable to adopt deep pruning methods. The height of pruning should be 40 to 60 cm above the ground. Generally, it should be cut to 1/3 to 1/2 of the tea tree, and it must be trimmed and neatly formed. With heavy pruning time mastered after spring tea picking.
5. Pest Control: The common pests and diseases in local tea gardens are tea pests, false eyelid green leafhoppers, tea leaf blight, tea caterpillars, blackthorn whitefly, tea aphid, tea leaf roller moth, and cabbage blight. False eyelid leafhoppers, aphids, and whiteflies are the most rampant. The plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and treatment" should be adopted. On the basis of increasing manure fertilization, the strong canopy of tea trees should be strengthened; and pest and disease resistance should be improved. Ability to strengthen forecasting and control, control period appropriate, prevention and control indicators, and strictly in accordance with the pesticide species and safety standards that can be used in pollution-free tea plantations to reduce pesticide residues, protect the ecological environment, protect the number of natural enemies, and use highly efficient and low-toxicity organisms. Pharmaceutics is the mainstay, the loss of pests and diseases is controlled to a minimum, and biological control is the mainstay, and chemical control is the technical specification. Herbicides are strictly prohibited in tea gardens.
The construction of tea gardens should pay attention to ecological balance, do not destroy natural resources, soil and water conservation, and proceed from the actual situation of local tea production, focus on building a good tea production base, make it suitable for centralized and contiguous, easy management, reduce costs and increase efficiency. It is more conducive to setting up factory processing and improving tea quality. The construction of tea should also adhere to high standards and high quality, and gradually realize the improvement of tea trees, gardening of tea areas, irrigation of tea gardens, and scientific cultivation.
1. The tea tree is improved: in combination with the local actual production of tea, ecological conditions, etc., pure and uncontaminated varieties are determined, and robust, high-yield, high-quality, pest-resistant bergamot tea seedlings are cultivated.
2. Gardening of tea areas: To adapt to local conditions and plan in an all-round way, the comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields and forest roads shall be implemented centered on the management of water and soil, and the realization of garden regionalization and specialization shall be realized.
3. Water conservancy of tea gardens: The establishment of gardens should not damage vegetation and help maintain soil and water. It is necessary to open up water sources and establish irrigation and drainage facilities for tea gardens. Water sources should meet the ministerial standards, be free from pollution, and be capable of irrigation in dry seasons. row.
4. Scientific and scientific cultivation: Requiring reasonable close planting, re-applying organic fertilizer (mainly farmyard manure), supplemented by chemical fertilizer (compound fertilizer, urea, etc.), using cutting and cutting techniques correctly, grasping the law of occurrence of diseases and pests, strengthening quarantine and forecasting, and adopting Plant protection policy "prevention-based, integrated prevention and control" measures.
(1)Climatic conditions: For bergamot tea tree, the requirements for climate conditions are: like warm and humid sections, the annual average temperature is above 13°C, and the regional atmospheric humidity with accumulated temperature above 3500°C is about 80%, and not less than 60%. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm.
(2) Soil conditions: The bergamot tea tree prefers acidic soils with a pH of 4.0 to 6.5. Yudou Town is a red soil slightly acidic soil that is very suitable for the cultivation of bergamot tea. However, when free calcium in the soil exceeds 1.5%, The growth of tea trees is unfavorable, and the effects on the bergamot tea tree should also be taken into account in ventilation, water storage, fertilizer conservation, and thermal insulation.
(3) Geographical conditions: Tea gardens should be selected between 450 and 750 m above sea level, slopes or hills below 25, with a 10 to 20 sloping area ideal, and the north-south direction of the slope selection is ideal, so that “a hilltop afforestation can be achieved. The development of mountainside tea and Yamashita's grain production.
(4) The construction of terraced tea gardens: Pay attention to the principle of building the contours of the slopes, balance the surface, prevent erosion of water and soil, generally follow the curve, try to get straight and easy to manage and lay a good foundation, should take the topsoil back to the ditch, heart and soil Build a bank, dig out the earth and build the bank along the shore. The height of the bank is about 20cm. The slope is slightly inclined to the inside for the purpose of water conservation, soil conservation and fertilizer conservation. The width of the surface depends on the slope, generally about 1.5 to 2.5 meters. Single or double colonization, 1.5m wide planting should be planted in a single row, 2m wide planting should be planted in double rows, to improve the early seal line, early production, spacing 0.30 to 0.35m single row spacing, double row 0.3 to 0.4m row spacing Appropriate (triangle arrangement staggered colonization).
(5) In the tea garden, the surface of the soil is to be reconstructed by the soil and the soil, and the groove width and groove depth should be suitable for the development of the root group of the tea tree. Yilagou is about 0.4m wide and about 0.5m deep, with the topsoil weeds returning to the ditch. Apply 40 to 40 tons of organic fertilizer (farmer's manure), 60 ton of lime powder, 100 kg of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and 100 kg of base fertilizer to be planted after planting the soil. Select planting in the beginning of spring and rain season. Choose the bergamot plant height of 15 to 20 cm. No pests and diseased seedlings were planted, and after the planting, rice straw was covered to improve the survival rate.
Second, management technology
1. The management of bergamot tea gardens is different from the plough management of young tea gardens that is different from the old tea gardens in many years. Attention should not be paid to ploughing too deep, and the number of cultivators must be relatively small. The depth of earthworms should be ploughed within 1-2 years, with a depth of 8 to 10 cm, and annual tillage 2 to 3 times. With the seedlings growing in the tea plantation, the depth of tillage is continuously ploughed to 15-20 cm, and 15 cm from the plants are planted at depth. Outside, and pay attention to less damage to the roots, at the same time pay attention to weather changes, long-term dry weather can not be cultivated, to prevent the distribution of water, promote grass cultivation, grass garden, increase humification of fertilizers, in order to facilitate the loose soil.
2, fertilizer and water management: the use of corrosive manure, compost, green manure, cake manure, etc., to promote the annual application of organic fertilizer, mainly farmyard man, in order to improve the growth of young tea, thereby enhancing the tea plant resistance to diseases and insect pests, enhance chlorophyll, leaves Hypertrophy, improve tea quality, application of organic fertilizer can not only provide a comprehensive nutrition for the tea tree, and a long period of fertilizer, can increase or update the soil to organic matter, promote microbial reproduction, improve the soil's chemical properties and biological activity, supplemented by chemical fertilizers Such as compound fertilizers, urea, etc., should adopt the principles of fertilization with thin manure, apply compound fertilizer and urea every 2 months (the ratio is 2:1), and according to the young tea tree, it needs more characteristics of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The ratio of three elements: 1 to 2 years old to 1:1:1, 3 to 4 years old to 2:1, 1 to 2 years of fertilization, 0.25 kg/acre of pure nitrogen, and 2 to 3 years old per mu. 5-7 kg of nitrogen and 710 kg of pure nitrogen for 3-4 years old will be applied. The amount of fertilizer should also be determined according to the number of acres, growth, soil and fertilizer conditions. With the growth of tea trees, the amount of fertilizer will increase year by year. General production of 100 kg dry tea, to add 9 grams of pure nitrogen It is 4 kg of phosphorus, 2.66 kg of potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is 3:2:1. In short, the principle of fertilization is: to achieve economical and rational use of fertilizer, give full play to the fertilizer effect, the general combination of open fertilization and application of salt, so that scientific fertilization, in order to maximize the effect of fertilizer.
3, stereotypes pruning: should adopt the principle of low pruning, dwarf the crown, expand the picking area, reduce the height properly, can reduce the level of branches, is conducive to the operation of tea tree water and nutrients, but also reduce the annual photosynthesis products of the tree The consumption, thereby increasing the economic coefficient of the tea tree, styling pruning of young trees, when the year is generally carried out in the winter September to October, flattened 30cm above the ground level, the second year in May after the spring shoot hardening after shaping the height of 40? 50cm In September and October, it was controlled within 60cm. Later, depending on the growth rate of the bergamot tea tree, the branches were trimmed to an 80cm inner canopy, and the height was generally not more than 1m.
4. The transformation of low-yielding tea gardens: For ageless tea trees, heavy picking, and light-managed tea gardens, the tree age should be 15 years or more. All technical measures such as deep pruning should be adopted till the time of planting, replanting (planting), and deep pruning. At 50-60cm, Taiwanese cymbals control at 20-25cm above the ground. Since the taiwans are shoots (new shoots) sprouting from the root and neck, they have a strong vitality and can form a neat crown and a robust tree vigor. Under the management of fertilizers and waters, the rapid growth of tea trees will have a far-reaching significance for the quality of the bergamot, improve the grades, create benefits, and prove that it is practical and feasible. For trees aged over ten years, it is advisable to adopt deep pruning methods. The height of pruning should be 40 to 60 cm above the ground. Generally, it should be cut to 1/3 to 1/2 of the tea tree, and it must be trimmed and neatly formed. With heavy pruning time mastered after spring tea picking.
5. Pest Control: The common pests and diseases in local tea gardens are tea pests, false eyelid green leafhoppers, tea leaf blight, tea caterpillars, blackthorn whitefly, tea aphid, tea leaf roller moth, and cabbage blight. False eyelid leafhoppers, aphids, and whiteflies are the most rampant. The plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and treatment" should be adopted. On the basis of increasing manure fertilization, the strong canopy of tea trees should be strengthened; and pest and disease resistance should be improved. Ability to strengthen forecasting and control, control period appropriate, prevention and control indicators, and strictly in accordance with the pesticide species and safety standards that can be used in pollution-free tea plantations to reduce pesticide residues, protect the ecological environment, protect the number of natural enemies, and use highly efficient and low-toxicity organisms. Pharmaceutics is the mainstay, the loss of pests and diseases is controlled to a minimum, and biological control is the mainstay, and chemical control is the technical specification. Herbicides are strictly prohibited in tea gardens.
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