Morphological characteristics
Grass vine. Branchlets cylindrical, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous or minutely puberulous. The tendrils were 2-3 branches, separated by 2 leaves and opposite leaves. Leaflets are 5 leaflets of birdlike shape, central leaflets oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm long, 1.5-4.5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, base cuneate, lateral leaflets elliptic or oblong , 1-7 cm long, 0.5-3.5 cm wide, acute or rounded at tip, base cuneate or suborbicular, 6-15 serrations on each side of margin, green above, glabrous, below pale green, glabrous or Microcoats; lateral veins 5-9 pairs, inconspicuously reticulate; petiole 1.5-10 cm long, central petiole 0.5-2.5 cm long, lateral lobules sessile or shortly stalked, lateral lobule total stalk 0.5- 1.5 cm, glabrous or minutely hairy; stipules caducous. Inflorescences axillary, complex dichasium; peduncle 1-13 cm long, glabrous or minutely hairy; pedicels 1-2 mm long, few glabrous; buds ovoid, 1-2 mm tall, apical rounded Scallions-shaped, margin entire or undulate-lobed, outside pectinate or slightly glabrous; petals 4, triangular-ovate, 1-1.5 mm tall, outer papillose hairs; stamens 4, anthers Oval-shaped, nearly equal in length and width; disk developed, 4 lobed; ovary combined with disk, style short, stigma slightly expanded. The fruit is nearly spherical with a diameter of about 1 cm and has 2-4 seeds. The seeds are triangular and obovate, the top is slightly concave, and the base is short. The umbilicus is oval-shaped in the middle of the back of the seed, and the upper ridge is prominent. The ribs are prominent, the ridges in the abdomen are prominent, and the acupoints on both sides are half-moon shaped, reaching up to the top of the seed from near the base.
Branches: Branchlets sparsely puberulous or subglabrous.
Leaves: tendrils 2-3 branches. Bird footlike 5 leaflet compound leaves, central leaflet oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm long, lateral leaflets elliptic or oblong, 1-7 cm long, apex acuminate, base cuneate or broadly rounded 6-15 sparse serrations on each side, glabrous or slightly covered beneath; petiole 1.5-10 cm long, central petiole 0.5-2.5 cm long, lateral leaflets few sessile or shortly stipitate.
Flowers: Double dichosum cultivar axillary, peduncle up to 13 cm, glabrous or minutely hairy. Calyx discoid, entire or undulate, petals broadly ovate-ovate, papillose outside; papaya well developed, 4-lobed.
Fruit: Fruit nearly spherical, ca. 1 cm in diameter, seeds 2-4. The seeds fall down into a triangular ovoid shape, and the axillary axils on both sides of the ventral surface pass up from the base to the top of the seed.
An active substance is the main active ingredient in a drug. Take a simple aspirin for example. Acetyl salicylic acid is synthesized through chemical process and purified to a specified purity. The synthesis of acetyl salicylic acid is made by adding various excipients, such as fillers, adhesives, disintegrating agents, etc., and then pressing it into tablets. The production of apis is generally either pure chemical synthesis, biological fermentation, or semi-synthesis, with biological fermentation followed by extraction followed by synthesis. Not all pharmaceutical enterprises make API by themselves, and many manufacturers do not have the scale to produce API. Even if there is large-scale production, the cost of production may be much higher than that of procurement. Therefore, most manufacturers buy bulk drugs, and then make preparations, so that the production of drugs can be completed without a very large scale. At present, China and India have become the two largest API producers in the world. Many European and American pharmaceutical companies, even some of their own original drugs, will give up the production of API as the patent expires and the market matures, and turn to purchase apis from China and India,API production generally go through laboratory, generated through laboratory bottle container canister, taking after successful, pilot magnification, which is to enlarge the quantity of the production, then no problem tends to be faced with a lot of small scale experiment, a very simple example, the heating process, due to the relatively small amount in the laboratory, uneven heating cases is less, But if it is scaled up to a few tons of pot, at this time the heating may be not hot in this place, where the paste pot, at this time you need to stir, but the speed of mixing is appropriate, this process needs to calculate or grope. Finally from the pilot test, and then to the formal production, the volume of further amplification, and will face a lot of new problems. Therefore, although some drugs are generic, the research and development of the whole process from small test, pilot test to the final mass production is indispensable, so even generic drugs have very high research and development costs.
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