In recent years, empty poles in corn fields have occurred every year in Liaocheng City, and the area of ​​occurrence has varied from large to small in different regions. The degree of damage is light and heavy. When the occurrence occurs, the output is generally reduced by 10-20%, and severe cases reach 30-50%. Empty pole disease is often mistaken by farmers' friends as a problem of seed quality. Actually, this is a physiological disease phenomenon in corn production. Take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate this phenomenon.
First, the harm symptoms
There are two types of corn empty poles, one is that there is no ear on the corn pole, and it is a congenital sterile plant. The masses call it "public corn" and it is rare. Another type is the stem on the stem, but subject to external environmental conditions, so that after the tassels are pulled out of the corn, the ear does not extend the temporal lobe, do not spit filaments, the ear can not grow, the ear becomes smaller, not Knot or less grain, also known as the female ear diapause strain.
Second, the cause of the disease
Corn empty pole disease is a kind of physiological disease, which is affected by environmental reasons. The development of the ear is blocked and the ear cannot be formed or is too small. The factors that affect the incidence are as follows:
1. Rainy weather affects the pollination season of corn. It is the rainy season. Continual rain is encountered during the critical period. It is an important reason why corn and ear cannot cause pollen.
2. Insufficient or excessive soil moisture After jointing of corn, it is a period of female panicle differentiation. At this time, water accumulation in the fields, soil hypoxia, absorption and respiration of the roots of corn cannot be performed normally, and it will affect the normal development of maize ears. , produce empty rod. On the contrary, if the soil moisture is insufficient at this time, the fertilizer effect cannot be exerted properly, and the nutrient supply is not on, the root system is weak and the photosynthesis ability is not strong. The male and female spikes are not only not well developed, but also are not synchronized, and the pollen cannot be normally polluted due to premature development of the female ear. . In the past few years, the corn jointing season in our city coincided with the rainy season, and some of the water in the Tanaka River was serious and could easily cause an empty pole.
3. Insufficient illumination. Planting density is too large and shades each other. Insufficient light will reduce the ability of the plants to produce photosynthetic activity, resulting in uneven transportation of nutrients and impairing the development of the ear. Medium-dense breeds generally have tall plants, thick stems, and thick leaves. If excessive dense planting is likely to result in insufficient light, airborne stem disease may occur. In the autumn of this year, the city has a lot of rainy days and the lack of photosynthesis is an important cause of malnutrition.
4, partial fertilization nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium nutrition, resulting in insufficient growth and nutrition of the ear, impaired the development of the ear, easy to cause empty rod. Or excessive pre-fertilization, excessive nutrient growth, obstructed reproductive growth, but also easily lead to empty rod. In some parts of Liaocheng City, it is customary to adopt a “one-shot†method of fertilization. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer and not paying attention to supplemental phosphorus and potassium can easily lead to imbalances in nutrient elements.
5, a comprehensive multi-factor role Liaocheng since 1998, corn stem disease has often occurred. For example, Dandan 13, Dandan 18, Dandan 20, Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958, and Zhongke 11 have all been reported. However, the incidence of empty culms varies greatly between the same species in different regions, or in different plots in the same region, or only in the sowing period. The most representative example: In 2012, the town of Dongduzhuang, Luan County, Liaocheng, had two brothers in the neighboring block of corn fields. The same batch of seeds was planted at the same time. The plants were sown at the same time. When they were harvested, they were very different. The yield was about 720 kilograms per mu. The rate is very high, and the yield per mu is less than 460 kilograms. This is because the cause of empty poles in corn is often the result of a combination of the above factors. Maize growth and development are affected by many factors such as sowing time, density, water and fertilizer conditions, light, diseases and pests, planting habits, etc. Only in the sensitive period is subject to the key factors of harm may appear different degrees of empty rod phenomenon.
Third, prevention and control methods:
It is precisely because the occurrence of corn culm disease is affected by many factors, so we should start from many aspects when we control the occurrence of this disease. Adopting comprehensive control measures can better control the occurrence of corn stem disease, and the empty rod rate drops below 1%.
1. Reasonable dense planting The density of rare plant species is too large to cause empty poles, and the density of dense planting species does not affect the yield. According to the characteristics of the varieties, the appropriate density must be selected according to the variety specification.
2. Rational irrigation and drainage should do a good job in the basic construction of farmland, timely flood irrigation, especially in the jointing and booting period to control the cornfield.
3. The scientific application of N, P and K should be applied reasonably and proportionately. Miaofei should be mainly P and K. Apply 12-15 kg of ammonium diammonium per acre, 10-12 kg of potassium chloride or potassium sulphate to help Miao Zhuang Miaowang; Mainly used in the jointing period, 20-30 kg per mu.
4, comprehensive prevention of continuous rain and continuous weather to artificial pollination; appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; take chemical measures to prevent pests and diseases; early spraying of chlormequat, auxogens or compound plant growth regulators to control plant height and so on. Avoiding the combined effects of various unfavorable factors can greatly reduce the occurrence of empty bar diseases.
Fourth, the difference between empty rod disease and bad seed damage
Diseases of air-stem disease are generally more robust, and there is no significant difference in leaves, plant type, plant height, and other normal plants, except that there are no earlets, or the ear is very small, and the number of grains per panicle is often less. . For example, corn seed quality problems such as purity is not enough, in which self-crossed seedlings because there is no hybrid advantage, from the seedling stage began to develop slowly, the plant growth is weak, the plant height is low, the plants are thin, the leaves are narrow, after the fruit is only the spike, grain is small, but The number of spikes and grains per spike is generally not significantly abnormal.
First, the harm symptoms
There are two types of corn empty poles, one is that there is no ear on the corn pole, and it is a congenital sterile plant. The masses call it "public corn" and it is rare. Another type is the stem on the stem, but subject to external environmental conditions, so that after the tassels are pulled out of the corn, the ear does not extend the temporal lobe, do not spit filaments, the ear can not grow, the ear becomes smaller, not Knot or less grain, also known as the female ear diapause strain.
Second, the cause of the disease
Corn empty pole disease is a kind of physiological disease, which is affected by environmental reasons. The development of the ear is blocked and the ear cannot be formed or is too small. The factors that affect the incidence are as follows:
1. Rainy weather affects the pollination season of corn. It is the rainy season. Continual rain is encountered during the critical period. It is an important reason why corn and ear cannot cause pollen.
2. Insufficient or excessive soil moisture After jointing of corn, it is a period of female panicle differentiation. At this time, water accumulation in the fields, soil hypoxia, absorption and respiration of the roots of corn cannot be performed normally, and it will affect the normal development of maize ears. , produce empty rod. On the contrary, if the soil moisture is insufficient at this time, the fertilizer effect cannot be exerted properly, and the nutrient supply is not on, the root system is weak and the photosynthesis ability is not strong. The male and female spikes are not only not well developed, but also are not synchronized, and the pollen cannot be normally polluted due to premature development of the female ear. . In the past few years, the corn jointing season in our city coincided with the rainy season, and some of the water in the Tanaka River was serious and could easily cause an empty pole.
3. Insufficient illumination. Planting density is too large and shades each other. Insufficient light will reduce the ability of the plants to produce photosynthetic activity, resulting in uneven transportation of nutrients and impairing the development of the ear. Medium-dense breeds generally have tall plants, thick stems, and thick leaves. If excessive dense planting is likely to result in insufficient light, airborne stem disease may occur. In the autumn of this year, the city has a lot of rainy days and the lack of photosynthesis is an important cause of malnutrition.
4, partial fertilization nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium nutrition, resulting in insufficient growth and nutrition of the ear, impaired the development of the ear, easy to cause empty rod. Or excessive pre-fertilization, excessive nutrient growth, obstructed reproductive growth, but also easily lead to empty rod. In some parts of Liaocheng City, it is customary to adopt a “one-shot†method of fertilization. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer and not paying attention to supplemental phosphorus and potassium can easily lead to imbalances in nutrient elements.
5, a comprehensive multi-factor role Liaocheng since 1998, corn stem disease has often occurred. For example, Dandan 13, Dandan 18, Dandan 20, Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958, and Zhongke 11 have all been reported. However, the incidence of empty culms varies greatly between the same species in different regions, or in different plots in the same region, or only in the sowing period. The most representative example: In 2012, the town of Dongduzhuang, Luan County, Liaocheng, had two brothers in the neighboring block of corn fields. The same batch of seeds was planted at the same time. The plants were sown at the same time. When they were harvested, they were very different. The yield was about 720 kilograms per mu. The rate is very high, and the yield per mu is less than 460 kilograms. This is because the cause of empty poles in corn is often the result of a combination of the above factors. Maize growth and development are affected by many factors such as sowing time, density, water and fertilizer conditions, light, diseases and pests, planting habits, etc. Only in the sensitive period is subject to the key factors of harm may appear different degrees of empty rod phenomenon.
Third, prevention and control methods:
It is precisely because the occurrence of corn culm disease is affected by many factors, so we should start from many aspects when we control the occurrence of this disease. Adopting comprehensive control measures can better control the occurrence of corn stem disease, and the empty rod rate drops below 1%.
1. Reasonable dense planting The density of rare plant species is too large to cause empty poles, and the density of dense planting species does not affect the yield. According to the characteristics of the varieties, the appropriate density must be selected according to the variety specification.
2. Rational irrigation and drainage should do a good job in the basic construction of farmland, timely flood irrigation, especially in the jointing and booting period to control the cornfield.
3. The scientific application of N, P and K should be applied reasonably and proportionately. Miaofei should be mainly P and K. Apply 12-15 kg of ammonium diammonium per acre, 10-12 kg of potassium chloride or potassium sulphate to help Miao Zhuang Miaowang; Mainly used in the jointing period, 20-30 kg per mu.
4, comprehensive prevention of continuous rain and continuous weather to artificial pollination; appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; take chemical measures to prevent pests and diseases; early spraying of chlormequat, auxogens or compound plant growth regulators to control plant height and so on. Avoiding the combined effects of various unfavorable factors can greatly reduce the occurrence of empty bar diseases.
Fourth, the difference between empty rod disease and bad seed damage
Diseases of air-stem disease are generally more robust, and there is no significant difference in leaves, plant type, plant height, and other normal plants, except that there are no earlets, or the ear is very small, and the number of grains per panicle is often less. . For example, corn seed quality problems such as purity is not enough, in which self-crossed seedlings because there is no hybrid advantage, from the seedling stage began to develop slowly, the plant growth is weak, the plant height is low, the plants are thin, the leaves are narrow, after the fruit is only the spike, grain is small, but The number of spikes and grains per spike is generally not significantly abnormal.
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