Since 2001, the MIT Science and Technology Review has published “Top 10 Breakthrough Technologiesâ€, namely TR10 (Technology Review 10), and predicts its potential for large-scale commercialization and its significant impact on human life and society.
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MIT Technology Selects 14 Medical Breakthroughs in Medical Technology (I)
These technologies represent the development frontier and future development direction of the current world science and technology, and reflect the new characteristics and new trends of the world's science and technology development in recent years, and will lead the research direction for the future. Many of these technologies have already entered the market, leading the development of industrial technology, and greatly promoting economic and social development and technological innovation.
As Jason Pontin, editor-in-chief of the MIT Technology Review, said, the definition of breakthrough technology is very simple, that is, it can bring people high-quality technology solutions. Some technologies are the crystallization of engineers' genius ideas, while others are the masters of many attempts by scientists to solve problems that have long plagued them (such as deep learning). The purpose of the selection of “Top 10 Breakthrough Technologies†is not only to show people new innovations, but also to emphasize that human intelligence has enabled these innovative technologies.
Therefore, the author will screen for scientific breakthroughs in the medical field from 2012 to 2016. Due to the rapid change of technology, it only combed within the last 5 years. In view of the length of the article, it will be divided into two parts, each of which introduces seven techniques. This article is the next one. These technologies are created to solve problems and will greatly expand the potential of human beings. They may also change the face of the world and deserve special attention in the future.
8. Neuromorphic chip (2014)
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Neuromorphic chips can directly mimic the behavior of the brain
The chip with the microprocessor is more like the brain than the traditional chip, it simulates the state of the human brain.
Maturity: no major breakthroughs
Breakthrough point: An alternative design for computer chips that can simulate the process of brain processing information in real time, helping scientists to create cognitive systems that interact with the surrounding environment in real time and promote the development of artificial intelligence technology.
Importance: Traditional chips have reached performance limits.
Major players in the field: Qualcomm, IBM, HRL Laboratories, Human Brain Project
The concept of neuromorphic chips goes back decades. In 1990, Carver Mead, Emeritus Professor of the California Institute of Technology, gave its definition in a paper. However, it has only been known since Qualcomm developed a robot called "Pioneer." Pioneer robots use only a smart phone chip, which simulates the state of the human brain and runs specially-made software. It can identify objects that have not been seen before, classify them according to the similarity of related objects, and put different items. The correct location in the room.
The human brain has billions of neurons and hundreds of billions of synapses, which can simultaneously process visual, audio and other signals. The neuromorphic chip simulates the ability of the human brain to process multiple data simultaneously in the chip. Neurons can change the connection to other neurons based on changes in images, sounds, or other signals. Therefore, these neuromorphic chips mimic the neural network of the human brain and can realize some functions of the human brain. They enable tasks that take decades to complete in the field of artificial intelligence, allowing machines to understand the world and interact with the world as people do.
Some universities and research institutions are also trying to implement these functions, such as IBM Labs and HRL Labs. The two have spent $100 million to develop neuromorphic chips for the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. In addition, the European Brain Project, in conjunction with researchers at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Manchester, also spent 100 million euros to study neuromorphological projects. According to Dharmendra Modha, a researcher at IBM Labs, the chip allows blind people to identify objects and provide audio prompts through visual and audio sensors. The health monitoring system can detect vital signs, identify potential risks early, and provide personalized patient care. treatment approach. Medical sensors and equipment can track the patient's vital signs, take medical measures according to time, learn to adjust the dose, and even find the disease early.
In terms of cost, Qualcomm hopes that product design will be more practical than performance. This means that Qualcomm's neuromorphic chips are still being developed on digital chips, which is simpler and easier to produce than analog chips. The analog chip is going to complete the simulation of the brain, while Qualcomm's chip simulates the behavior of the brain. For example, neuromorphic chip programming, the way data is transmitted simulates the electronic impulses that the brain processes when dealing with sensory data. For many years, scientists have been trying to further explore the circuit architecture of neuromorphology. The difficulty lies in how to deal with the overlap between neurons and silicon - synapses and logic gates, even using special materials such as graphene to solve this problem. One problem is that it takes time for the product to be completely commercial.
9. Miniature 3D printing (2014)
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The goal of micro 3D printing is to print out biological tissue
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